Using a 116 Camera with 120 Film: Spool Adapters, Spacer, and Mask

 

Purpose

There are a number of interesting old cameras available that use 116 size film…a film size discontinued in 1984. The film is 70mm wide and taped to a backing paper like 120 film. Rolls of 116 film can occasionally be found on eBay, but anything that old is likely pretty sketchy. It is possible to find newer (and sometimes even fresh) unperforated 70mm bulk film and, in a dark room, tape that to a scavenged or homemade backing paper for use in the camera. Here’s another approach to the project. Referenced in that one is a very elaborate procedure from 2008 that describes the conversion of a 116 folding camera. There are also 3-D printable spool adapters on Thingiverse designed to allow the use of 120 roll film spools in a 116 camera. That approach is closer to what works for me, but all of the adapters I found center the film in the film gate. That’s problematic in that you can’t see the backing numbers through the red/orange window in the Brownies and you have to guess the film advance (or count turns). Yuck.

My Solution

I chose to use standard 120 film spools with custom adapters on the feed end and use the camera’s 116 take-up spool with a custom spacer for the other end of the film path.

spools-adapters-spacers
120 film on spool adapter, 116 take-up spool with spacer, 116 film on spool.
complete-adapter-set
This is the complete set of adapters. The spacer of the 116 take-up spool is made of two identical half-circles that snap together. The three different size spool adapters are in the middle. The largest (8 mm) can be used alone in the Brownie 2A, Model B. The two smaller adapters (6.5 and 1.5) are used together in the Brownie 2A, Model C. The mask/film support slips on the Brownie’s film guide on the top (horizontal) or right (vertical). I taped it in position using matte black masking tape inside the camera body and along the outside edge, away from where the film travels.

Since 120 film and backing paper is about 10mm narrower than the 116 spool, it won’t track properly and the film will edge fog when the camera is opened to unload the exposed roll. To solve both the fog and the tracking problems, I made a two-piece spacing ring that snaps onto the 116 take-up spool. I also designed several different adapters for the 120 film spool; a thin, flat one and a couple that incorporate spacers of different thicknesses. These keep the 120 film feed end aligned with the take-up end and the film tracks properly. The different sizes were needed to accommodate the variance in the feed ends of the different camera models. The older models, like the 2A Brownie Model B, have locating pins to keep the feed spool in place. Those cameras only need an adapter on one side of the spool. Cameras that use the geometry of the feed area and a piece of spring steel to locate the spool (like the 2A Brownie Model C) require an adapter on both sides of the spool.

When the film is loaded using the spacers, the film ends up on the left side (vertical/portrait orientation) or the bottom (for horizontal/landscape orientation) of the film gate. Since the film is 10 mm narrower than the original 116 size, you lose about 15% of the image. It’s easy to frame the landscape images…the viewfinder still shows the top accurately. You just have to remember that you’ll lose some image along the bottom. Portrait images will lack a bit from the left-hand side of the image. To ensure that the film feeds straight and to prevent sagging in the film gate, I made a mask that slips in place.

mask-guide-supporting-film
This is 120 film masked and supported across the larger 116 film gate opening in the Brownie 2A, Model C. When the mask/support is in place the image area is about 55 by 110 mm; a nice 2:1 panorama ratio.

Advancing the film (at least Ilford film) is pretty easy; the 6×4.5 frame numbers (1-16) are visible in the window. You can get six nicely spaced frames by initially rolling to frame 3, then on to frames 5 1/2 (two circles after frame 5 if using Ilford film),  8, 10 1/2, 13, and 15 1/2. Kodak backing paper has the 6×4.5 numbers in a slightly different location. The very bottom of the numbers are just visible in the window but Kodak’s paper has no circles or other marks visible to judge the halfway point between numbers. One half-turn on the advance mechanism will do it.

brownie-window-frame-number
Here’s an Ilford frame number from a roll of 120 film in window of a Kodak Brownie 2A Model C box camera. The printing on Kodak’s 120 backing paper is in a slightly different spot and is a bit more difficult to see.

The masked image is about 55mm x 110mm; a 2:1 format. I like it. Incidentally, some of the Brownie box cameras were available in both 116 and 120 models. I have a No. 2 Cartridge (120 size) Hawk-Eye Model C that is similar but more compact than the 116 versions. Its image is about 55mm x 80mm (1.45:1). You can think of the 116 modifications as yielding panorama(ish) cameras.

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The STL files for the parts are available on thingiverse.

The gallery below shows the parts in much more detail. clicking on any thumbnail will take you to a high-resolution copy of the image.

 

Rethinking the Peter Gowland Pocket View Camera

Gowland Pocket View Camera with modifications shown on tripod in front of pond.
GPV-pre-mod-profile
Gowland Pocket View Camera, lateral view. This shows the original knobs and hardware. The focusing screen and film back are borrowed from a Burke & James Orbit monorail view camera.

Background

Peter Gowland was a photographer famous in the last half of the last century for his glamour shots and his custom cameras. I liked his cameras. In 1989 I called him up and ordered a Gowland 4×5 Pocket View Camera (GPV) with a Graflok back. He told me he didn’t sell them that way, but that he’d be happy to sell me one without a back and that I shouldn’t have any trouble adding one myself. Peter overestimated me.

GPV-pre-mod-rear
Gowland Pocket View Camera, rear view. This shows the original knobs and hardware. The focusing screen and film back are borrowed from a Burke & James Orbit monorail view camera. Torque applied to move the focusing screen and insert a film holder is sufficient to move things out of adjustment if one is not careful.

The camera hasn’t gotten much use since then. Once or twice I borrowed the back from my B&J Orbit monorail studio camera, screwed it to the back casting of the GPV, and took it for a spin, but it was clumsy. The holes in the castings didn’t exactly align with the springs and the springs were strong enough to knock the camera out of adjustment when loading the holder. Mostly the GPV lived in a small box on a shelf. For its thirtieth birthday I decided to make it a proper back.

The camera is quite light—that’s really its superpower. While I have a few Graflok accessories, every one of them weighs more than the camera. I decided to make a lightweight back to embrace the camera’s lightness, while adding a bit of protection for its time in a bag or backpack.

Design

Weight and additional stability were my prime considerations. I decided that any modifications I made would be reversible, so, no new holes in the camera. I also decided to sacrifice any use of Graflok accessories; they’re just too heavy. If I change my thinking on this in the future it will just mean a redesign of the rails.

GPV-pre-mod-rear-standard-viewed-from-rear
Gowland Pocket View Camera rear standard with focusing screen removed. The groove seen on the right side of the standard serves to register a film holder in the correct position to make an exposure.
GPV-pre-mod-rear-standard-front-view
This front view of the Gowland Pocket View Camera’s rear standard shows the camera back oriented for a horizontal photograph. To shoot vertically the knobs holding the standards (both front and rear) are removed and the entire assembly (standards and bellows) is rotated 90° and the knobs are replaced in the other set of holes. The new frame will slip over this from the front and will register on its front surface.
GPV-back-early-design_FreeCAD
The back shown here is an early concept for the auxiliary frame designed to slip over the existing rear standard and hold the focusing screen or film holder in position for shooting.

The build

The main build consists of six 3D printed parts and a piece of glass:

  • The frame is the most complex piece. It’s box-like and designed to fit over the existing rear standard casting. There is no physical connection to the camera; the back slips on from the front and is secured with nuts, bolts, and springs to the rails that hold the film holder or focusing screen in place.
    GPV-frame-inside-and-out
  • Parts 2 and 3 are the rails. They are identical and were made by printing, then sanding and waxing the surfaces to insure smooth operation.

 

  • Part 4 was the frame of the focusing screen. It was modeled after a 4×5 film holder. The aperture opening is 3.7″ x 4.625″, with a 4″ x 6″ opening designed to hold the ground glass 0.197″ from the front surface of the focusing screen’s frame. The distance is from the ASA standard Z38.1.51-1951.
    GPV-focusing-screen-4x6-pocket
  • Part 5 is a mask that shows the image area of a 4×5 sheet and serves to hold the glass in place.
    GPV-focusing-screen-glass-retainer
  • Part 6 is the ground glass. It’s a piece of glass from a cheap picture frame. I ground it using a 600 grit silicon carbide slurry. That was the first time I tried it…easy. There are lots of videos on YouTube that show the process. (I purchased the silicon carbide powder from Gritomatic. It was $12 + shipping for 200 grams…enough to make as many ground glass screens as I’ll ever need.)
GPV-rails-with-focusing-screen
Focusing screen in position. The screen is a piece of glass from a cheap 4″x6″ picture frame. I wet sanded it using silicon carbide to get a good focusing surface and masked it down to the film size with the 3-D printed frame and aperture mask. The full 4″x6″ glass is used in the frame. That eliminated having to cut it to a precise dimension.
  • Not really part of the camera, but just as important was the adapter designed to mate with the quick-release platforms on my tripods. The block on the camera’s focusing rail that contacts the tripod has a tiny surface area (0.75 sq. in.) and had a tendency to rotate on the tripod head. The quick-release adapter prevents any of that movement and makes setting up the camera a breeze.
    GPV-tripod-quick-release-adapter-top-and-bottom

Shooting with the camera

GPV-modified-rear
The Gowland Pocket View with with new back and focusing screen. Also pictured is the adapter to mate with the quick-release plates that I’ve added to all of my tripods. Without it, there’s really no way to keep the camera securely on a tripod; there simply isn’t enough surface area on the monorail’s mounting block to keep it from twisting.

It’s much better now. Loading film holders no longer knocks everything out of whack. The camera is light enough to take anywhere and I’ve used it more in the past several months that I had in the last 30 years.

photograph of dried tree stump in sunlight and shadow
Tree stump photographed with modified Gowland Pocket View Camera, Nikon 135mm f5.6 Nikkor-W lens on Ilford HP-5+. It was processed in HC-110 B, 8 min @ 68°.

Unfinished business

There are a couple of things left to do. Most annoying is the knob that locks the rear swing. The camera was originally furnished with a socket head screw fitted with an aluminum head with a hole so that it could be tightened with an Allen wrench (used as an arm or lever, not a wrench). It looked gross, so I replaced it with a brass knob. That was a bad idea…you almost need pliers to tighten it. I could drill a hole in that and go back to the arm idea, but I think I’ll try filing the brass knob square and design a 3D printable handle or wrench-like design to slip over it. It’s got to be small enough to fit over the knob and long enough to give sufficient leverage to tighten the screw.
The other thing the camera needs is a proper carrying case. I’m in the middle of that design now. It will be a two-piece 3D printed box that will secure the unassembled camera, lens, and focusing screen with room for a couple of film holders. The whole affair will fit in a small canvas messenger bag.

Additional links

Review of GPV, 2010, Brian Wallen

Repairing the GPV bellows

2010 GPV sale announcement with pictures

Wikimedia photo

Kate’s Mates

Jimmie O’Donnell was a good boy who never knew his dad and shot his step-father smack-dab in the heart, but I’ve already told you about that. Cleveland was rough in 1903.

Jimmie’s mom was my great-grandmother, Kate. She had a flock of kids and watched Jimmie shoot her husband dead, but she was okay with that. By all accounts, John Atkinson had it coming.

I must tell you that I have never known a happy day with my husband since I married him. He has been a drinking man all the time, and many a time I have been forced to accept his abuse through this accursed stuff.”

He was a hard worker, and as a man who was acquainted with him remarked, ‘He did not have a lazy bone in his body, but he was too fond of drink, and it made him quarrelsome.'”

Cleveland Leader, March 14, 1903, pages 1, 3. Read the complete article.

Unwinding the family connections was tricky. Jimmie was twenty-two in 1903. The 1900 Federal Census shows Kate’s nine surviving children still living at home, but it doesn’t differentiate between those of her first and second husband. The birthdates of the two eldest sons are off by three years and their last names are listed as Atkinson (well, Atkison, but nobody ever spells it right, even now).

Census 1900, Atkinson, detail
U.S. Federal Census, 1900, detail from Atkinson household

The boys’ last name was O’Donnell. The news reports of John’s killing said that, and so did some records that my dad had saved from his father’s business. By searching the Cuyahoga County, Ohio birth registers on Ancestry.com, I found records for John, August 9, 1878, and James, June 14, 1880.

Birth records for John A. & James O’Donnell, 1878 & 1880.

Katie (Catharine) McMahon and James O’Donnell were Jimmie and John O’Donnell’s parents.

Wondering what happened to James, I poked around for the family in the 1880 census records. I couldn’t find James or Jimmie, but I found Kate and her two-year old son John living with her parents, Arthur and Bridget McMann. Kate’s brother Fred McMann, and her brother-in-law, Joseph O’Donnell lived there too.

Census 1880, O_Donnell detail
U.S. Federal Census, 1880, detail from McMann/O’Donnell household

Two other items jumped out: Kate is listed as a 21 year-old widow and the date of the census enumeration was June 14, 1880, the day of the Jimmie O’Donnell’s birth. It must have been a busy day at the McMann household.

Next, I found Kate’s 1881 marriage certificate to John C. Atkinson.

Marriage Record for Kate O’Donnell & John Atkinson, November 26, 1881

Still, I didn’t know what had happened to James, so I kept at it. I can count to nine, so figuring backwards, James must have died between September 1879 and June 1880. A Find A Grave entry looked promising. It showed the Cleveland death of twenty-four year-old James O’Donnell on November 19, 1879. With that, a GenealogyBank search revealed that on November 19, 1879,

“James O’Donnell was at work at the H. M. Chaplin & Co’s slaughter house, trying to make a passage through a chute for salt to run, the salt gave way unexpectedly to O’Donnell, and carrying him through the chute, buried him under five feet of salt, where he was found an hour later smothered to death.”

Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, November 20, 1879. Read the complete article.

…probably around the same time that Kate might have figured she was pregnant with his second son. Sheesh. Cleveland was rough in 1879.

Gun Shot Wound, Homocide

It started with my daughter’s spit. Mel shared her AncestryDNA results provoking my curiosity and a desire to learn more about my family. I figured I’d start with the known and move on from there. Since Clare had been poking at the Fairchild side it made sense for me to look at the Atkinsons. I have a vague sense of dad’s family but figured I’d best fill in what I knew and look up what I didn’t. When doing that I noticed that my great-grandfather showed up in the 1900 census and not the 1910. Hmmm. I searched for death records and found a notation that he had died in 1903. After a bit more hunting I found a reference to cause of death in a coroner’s report. Death Record 1903-03-12 Coroner's report detailThat kinda caught my eye. Dad had told me that there was a scandal…sometimes it was a horse theft, but mostly a family murder scandal.

I figured there might be something in the newspaper. There was. I found this from the March 12, 1903 Cleveland Plain Dealer.
9A3DA36B-5F0B-4C97-8560-966307705F2FThe rest of the story was behind a paywall. That’s how I learned how truly awful newspaper paywalls can be. $10 bucks for 1 day’s access to 20 stories; $20 for a month and 200 stories. Mel pointed out that I’d pay that much for a glass of wine at dinner and shamed me into commitment. I rationalized that I might find a month’s worth of entertainment. The site was appalling and their search, worse. I’d have preferred to be able to view a page at a time, read anything, then get charged for downloading a story. You actually have to pay to read each individual article. I can’t imagine anyone buying in a second time. Next time I’ll wait to go to a Cleveland library.

The Plain Dealer’s March 12, 1903 article had an interesting tone…really an attitude. See the article in the Cleveland Leader on the same date for another perspective.

981C4DAF-A1AE-47BE-90F8-5DBC9FCDE3C4
Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 12, 1903

” …
A few minutes before 10 o’clock Atkinson came home and his wife says that he was under the influence of liquor. It seems that he had often come home in a similar condition and the members of the family declare that they were afraid of him upon such occasions.

Atkinson was fifty-one years old and had been employed at the Division street pumping station. His stepson is twenty-two years old and is a brass finisher for the Westinghouse company. The neighbors give him a very good reputation and say that he has never been in any trouble before.”

As the week progressed, a murder charge seemed less likely. From March 13th:

Death Article 1903-03-13, Exonerated, headline
Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 13, 1903

The headlines continued: “O’Donnell, Who Killed His Stepfather is Very Sick. Mother of the Young Man Fainted at the Police Station.”  In the article, one learns “the exposure and excitement together have caused him [O’Donnell] to suffer a rather severe relapse” and that his mother “appears deeply affected by the condition of her son.”  It closed, “Coroner Burke rendered his verdict … in which he exonerated O’Donnell on the ground that the shooting was done in defense of himself and his mother.”

Death Article 1903-03-15 Says O'Donnell Did Right headline
Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 15, 1903

March 15th: “If my word is worth anything, young O’Donnell need not worry a minute because there is a manslaughter charge hanging over his head” said Prosecutor Keeler, yesterday.
“…there is no question in my mind but that he will never be indicted, let alone prosecuted. He shot and killed only in self-defense and that after several years of perpetual abuse by his stepfather.”

Death Article 1903-03-18 No Bill for O'Donnell, headline
Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 18, 1903

March 18th: “The grand jury has taken up his case and it is said returned a ‘no bill.’ O’Donnell is the young man who killed his step-father when the latter, in a drunken fit, attempted to assault his family.”